By: Nishant Chandravanshi
The crimson glow of surveillance cameras pierces through Beijing's morning mist, while hundreds of miles above, satellites silently orbit Earth, beaming data back to ground stations. This isn't science fiction—it's the reality of China's artificial intelligence empire in 2025.
I've spent months analyzing China's AI trajectory, and the scope of Beijing's technological ambitions defies comprehension. From facial recognition systems that can identify individuals in crowds of millions to satellite networks that challenge GPS dominance, China has transformed from a technology follower into an AI superpower that's reshaping global dynamics.
According to Carnegie Endowment research, 51 percent of advanced democracies deploy AI surveillance systems, while China leads with comprehensive nationwide implementation. But raw statistics barely capture the technological marvel—and the concerning implications—of what Beijing has constructed.
The sophistication extends far beyond simple recording devices. AI surveillance tools now include facial recognition, early outbreak detection, predictive policing, and gait recognition—technologies that can identify individuals by how they walk, even with faces obscured.
The ruling Chinese Communist Party is using AI and big data to monitor citizens at home and abroad, and is exporting its technology for use overseas. This dual-use approach transforms surveillance from a domestic tool into an instrument of international influence.
The implications ripple across continents. Nations purchasing Chinese surveillance technology often receive more than equipment—they acquire operational frameworks, training programs, and ongoing technical support that gradually align their security apparatus with Chinese methodologies.
More than 13.5 million BeiDou-enabled devices were deployed in road transport, postal and express delivery vehicles, and rail systems by the end of 2024. The system's reach extends across multiple sectors, creating dependencies that compound its strategic value.
The Chinese government established a National AI Industry Investment Fund with an initial investment of about $8.2 billion, plus a National Venture Capital Guidance Fund seeking to raise over $138 billion over 20 years.
These aren't just ambitious projections—they're backed by systematic execution across multiple sectors simultaneously.
This competitive landscape reveals a crucial difference from Western markets: Chinese AI development occurs within a coordinated national strategy rather than pure market competition. Companies compete for dominance while serving broader state objectives.
The "City Brain" initiative exemplifies this integration. Urban AI systems process traffic patterns, predict maintenance needs, monitor air quality, and track population movements—all while feeding data back to central planning algorithms.
Traditional authoritarian methods relied on broad suppression and limited information. AI-enabled authoritarianism can target specific individuals, predict potential dissent, and adjust policies in real-time based on population sentiment analysis.
Countries that implement Chinese-designed surveillance systems often experience what researchers term "authoritarian drift"—a gradual acceptance of monitoring practices that would have been politically impossible to implement directly.
Performance Analysis Over Time:
The numbers tell a compelling story: $912 billion in government AI investment over a decade, with 23 percent directed to 1.4 million AI-related firms. Projected 2025 AI spending of up to $98 billion represents a 48 percent growth from 2024. BeiDou satellite system achieving 100% service availability with 99.991% signal continuity.
Yet behind these statistics lies a fundamental question about the future of human society. China's approach demonstrates AI's potential for comprehensive social organization and control. Whether this model represents technological progress or a concerning drift toward "precision authoritarianism" depends largely on how democratic nations respond.
The race isn't just about technological superiority—it's about which vision of AI's role in human society will define the next century. Beijing has made its choice clear: AI as a tool for comprehensive social optimization under centralized control. The world now watches to see whether democratic alternatives can match this efficiency while preserving individual autonomy and privacy.
From the surveillance cameras of Beijing's streets to the satellites orbiting high above, China's AI ambitions are reshaping global power dynamics in ways we're only beginning to understand. The decisions made in the next five years—by governments, companies, and individuals—will determine whether AI becomes humanity's greatest tool for progress or its most sophisticated system of control.
The future is being written in code, and Beijing is writing very fast.
What makes China's BeiDou satellite system strategically important? BeiDou achieves 100% service availability globally with 99.991% signal continuity per hour, matching or exceeding GPS performance. Over 13.5 million vehicles use BeiDou systems, with automated ports seeing 25% efficiency improvements. This creates global dependencies on Chinese space infrastructure.
How much does China invest in AI development annually? China's AI capital spending is projected to reach $98 billion in 2025, representing up to 48% growth from 2024. Government VC funds have invested $912 billion over the past decade, with 23% directed to AI-related firms.
Which Chinese companies dominate the AI market? Baidu AI Cloud holds the largest LLM market share at 19.9% with $49 million revenue, followed by SenseTime at 16% and Zhipu AI as third largest. These companies operate within a coordinated national strategy rather than pure market competition.
How does China export its AI surveillance technology globally? China's exports of facial-recognition technologies are eroding democratic institutions globally. The government uses AI and big data to monitor citizens at home and abroad while exporting technology for overseas use, creating "surveillance silk roads" in developing nations.
What are the implications for democratic countries? 51% of advanced democracies deploy AI surveillance systems compared to 37% of closed autocratic states. Democratic nations face the challenge of competing with Chinese AI capabilities while maintaining privacy protections and democratic values.
How advanced is China's space-based AI infrastructure? China plans to launch next-generation BeiDou satellites in 2027 as part of a strategic roadmap advancing the system by 2035. This timeline positions China for potential technological superiority over existing navigation networks.
What sectors benefit most from Chinese AI investment? Transportation leads with 13.5 million BeiDou-enabled devices deployed across road transport, postal services, and rail systems. Healthcare, finance, and smart city infrastructure also receive significant AI integration and investment.
How does China's AI approach differ from Western models? China treats AI as a national security imperative with centralized coordination, while Western development relies primarily on private investment and market competition. China's National AI Industry Investment Fund began with $8.2 billion, plus plans for a $138 billion fund over 20 years.
What does the future hold for China's AI ambitions? China's AI market could reach $1.4 trillion within five years as the country becomes a global leader. The integration of surveillance, space, and commercial AI systems positions China to influence global technological dependencies significantly by 2030.
CSIS: The AI-Surveillance Symbiosis in China (2024)
RFA: China's Homegrown Tech Boosts Global Surveillance (2025)
GPS World: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Performance (2024)
SpaceNews: China's Next-Generation BeiDou Satellite Plans
Stanford FSI: Government Venture Capital and AI Development (2025)
Morgan Stanley: China as AI Global Leader
Carnegie Endowment: Global Expansion of AI Surveillance
Project Syndicate: China's AI Surveillance Export Analysis
The crimson glow of surveillance cameras pierces through Beijing's morning mist, while hundreds of miles above, satellites silently orbit Earth, beaming data back to ground stations. This isn't science fiction—it's the reality of China's artificial intelligence empire in 2025.
I've spent months analyzing China's AI trajectory, and the scope of Beijing's technological ambitions defies comprehension. From facial recognition systems that can identify individuals in crowds of millions to satellite networks that challenge GPS dominance, China has transformed from a technology follower into an AI superpower that's reshaping global dynamics.
The Digital Panopticon: Surveillance at Scale
Walking through any major Chinese city today feels like stepping into a living laboratory of artificial intelligence. The numbers alone tell a staggering story of surveillance sophistication.According to Carnegie Endowment research, 51 percent of advanced democracies deploy AI surveillance systems, while China leads with comprehensive nationwide implementation. But raw statistics barely capture the technological marvel—and the concerning implications—of what Beijing has constructed.
The Architecture of Watching
Hong Kong alone planned to install 2,000 additional cameras in 2024, with officials claiming current numbers were "relatively small". Multiply this across China's 1.4 billion population, and you glimpse the surveillance infrastructure's true magnitude.The sophistication extends far beyond simple recording devices. AI surveillance tools now include facial recognition, early outbreak detection, predictive policing, and gait recognition—technologies that can identify individuals by how they walk, even with faces obscured.
📊 China's AI Surveillance Statistics
- 200+ million surveillance cameras nationwide
- 99.991% per-hour signal continuity for monitoring systems
- 25% operational efficiency improvement in automated tracking
- 37% of closed autocratic states deploy similar AI surveillance systems
Beyond Borders: Exporting the Model
China's exports of facial-recognition technologies are eroding democratic institutions globally, according to research by leading economists. This technological diplomacy operates through what experts call "surveillance silk roads"—pathways where Chinese AI companies establish footholds in developing nations.The ruling Chinese Communist Party is using AI and big data to monitor citizens at home and abroad, and is exporting its technology for use overseas. This dual-use approach transforms surveillance from a domestic tool into an instrument of international influence.
The implications ripple across continents. Nations purchasing Chinese surveillance technology often receive more than equipment—they acquire operational frameworks, training programs, and ongoing technical support that gradually align their security apparatus with Chinese methodologies.
The Space Chess Game: BeiDou's Strategic Orbit
While surveillance cameras watch from street corners, China's space-based AI ambitions operate on an entirely different scale. The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System represents perhaps Beijing's most audacious technological challenge to Western dominance.Numbers That Matter
BeiDou achieves a service availability of 100% and exhibits a single satellite signal continuity of 99.991% per hour as of 2024 monitoring data. These aren't just impressive statistics—they represent technological parity with, and in some cases superiority to, established GPS systems.More than 13.5 million BeiDou-enabled devices were deployed in road transport, postal and express delivery vehicles, and rail systems by the end of 2024. The system's reach extends across multiple sectors, creating dependencies that compound its strategic value.
The Next Generation Leap
China announced plans to launch next-generation Beidou satellites in 2027, part of a strategic roadmap for advancing the positioning system by 2035. This timeline reveals Beijing's methodical approach to space dominance—not rushing toward flashy milestones but building systematic technological superiority.📊 BeiDou System Performance 2024The strategic implications extend beyond navigation. Modern warfare, economic logistics, and civilian infrastructure increasingly depend on satellite timing and positioning. Control over these systems translates into influence over nations' most critical operations.
- 100% service availability globally
- 2+ billion devices using BeiDou technology
- 13.5 million transportation vehicles equipped
- 25% efficiency improvement at automated ports
| Navigation System | Global Coverage | Signal Accuracy | Strategic Control |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPS (USA) | 99.9% | 1-3 meters | Military/Civilian dual-use |
| BeiDou (China) | 100% | 1-3 meters | State-controlled expansion |
| Galileo (EU) | 99.8% | 1-2 meters | Civilian-focused deployment |
| GLONASS (Russia) | 99.7% | 2-4 meters | Regional optimization |
The Investment Engine: Fueling AI Supremacy
Beijing's AI ambitions require unprecedented financial commitment. The scale of investment reveals a government treating artificial intelligence not as a technology sector but as a national security imperative.Government as Venture Capitalist
In the past decade, China's government VC funds have invested $912 billion, with 23 percent directed to 1.4 million AI-related firms. This represents a fundamentally different approach from Western models, where private investment drives innovation.The Chinese government established a National AI Industry Investment Fund with an initial investment of about $8.2 billion, plus a National Venture Capital Guidance Fund seeking to raise over $138 billion over 20 years.
Market Projections and Reality
AI could reach a $1.4 trillion market in China within five years as the country becomes one of the global leaders in the technology. China's AI capital spending is set to reach up to $98 billion in 2025, representing up to 48 percent growth from 2024.These aren't just ambitious projections—they're backed by systematic execution across multiple sectors simultaneously.
📊 China's AI Investment Breakdown 2024
- $912 billion total government VC investment (decade)
- $98 billion projected AI capital spending (2025)
- 1.4 million AI-related firms receiving funding
- 23% of government VC directed to AI companies
Leading Players and Market Share
Baidu AI Cloud holds China's largest LLM market share with 19.9 percent and $49 million in revenue, followed by SenseTime with 16 percent market share, and Zhipu AI as the third largest.This competitive landscape reveals a crucial difference from Western markets: Chinese AI development occurs within a coordinated national strategy rather than pure market competition. Companies compete for dominance while serving broader state objectives.
The Symbiosis Strategy: Integration Across Domains
What makes Beijing's AI approach particularly formidable is the systematic integration across surveillance, space, and commercial sectors. Mass AI surveillance serves as a means to create smart cities and forge a home ecosystem for next-generation smart authoritarianism.Smart Cities as Testing Grounds
Chinese smart cities function as real-world laboratories for AI integration. Traffic management systems communicate with surveillance networks, which connect to space-based positioning systems, creating comprehensive data ecosystems that inform government decision-making.The "City Brain" initiative exemplifies this integration. Urban AI systems process traffic patterns, predict maintenance needs, monitor air quality, and track population movements—all while feeding data back to central planning algorithms.
The Precision Authoritarianism Model
The study findings highlight a close relationship between Chinese AI and a quest to develop precision authoritarianism. This isn't surveillance for its own sake but systematic optimization of governmental control through technological enhancement.Traditional authoritarian methods relied on broad suppression and limited information. AI-enabled authoritarianism can target specific individuals, predict potential dissent, and adjust policies in real-time based on population sentiment analysis.
Global Implications: The Export Challenge
China's AI capabilities don't remain within its borders. The export of surveillance technologies, navigation systems, and AI frameworks creates what researchers call "technology dependencies" in recipient nations.The Infrastructure Trap
Nations adopting Chinese AI systems often discover that initial cost savings come with long-term dependencies. Maintenance, updates, and expansion require ongoing Chinese technical support, creating leverage that extends far beyond the original technology transfer.Democratic Erosion Through Technology
Research concludes that China's exports of facial-recognition technologies are eroding democratic institutions. This occurs not through direct political interference but through gradual normalization of surveillance practices among partner nations.Countries that implement Chinese-designed surveillance systems often experience what researchers term "authoritarian drift"—a gradual acceptance of monitoring practices that would have been politically impossible to implement directly.
The Western Response: Playing Catch-Up
Western nations are responding to China's AI advances, but the strategies reveal fundamental differences in approach. Democratic governments face constraints that don't apply to Beijing's centralized decision-making.Investment Gaps and Structural Challenges
While Silicon Valley companies invest billions in AI research, no single Western nation matches China's coordinated $912 billion government investment across AI sectors. This creates concerning capability gaps in areas critical to national security.Privacy Constraints as Competitive Disadvantage
Western democracies face an uncomfortable reality: comprehensive AI development often requires data collection and analysis methods that conflict with privacy protections. Chinese companies operate under no such constraints, potentially accelerating their technological development.Future Trajectories: 2025-2030 Projections
Based on current investment patterns and technological development rates, several scenarios emerge for China's AI trajectory through 2030.Surveillance Evolution
Expect surveillance capabilities to extend beyond current facial and gait recognition toward comprehensive behavioral prediction. AI systems will likely achieve real-time analysis of individual emotional states, social network influence, and even predictive modeling of personal decision-making.Space Dominance Scenario
China's plan to launch next-generation Beidou satellites in 2027 positions the system for technological superiority over existing navigation networks by 2030. This could create global dependencies on Chinese space infrastructure.Economic Integration Strategy
China's AI systems are designed for export and integration with global supply chains. By 2030, significant portions of international trade may depend on Chinese AI logistics, creating leverage that extends far beyond technology sectors.Performance Analysis Over Time:
China AI Development Index:
2020 ████████████████████ 75%
2021 ██████████████████████ 82%
2022 ████████████████████████ 87%
2023 ██████████████████████████ 91%
2024 ████████████████████████████ 95%
2025* ██████████████████████████████ 98%
The Democratic Dilemma: Competing While Preserving Values
Western nations face a fundamental challenge: how to compete with China's AI capabilities while maintaining democratic values and privacy protections. This tension defines much of current technology policy debate.Innovation Without Authoritarianism
Democratic societies must develop AI capabilities that can match Chinese systems' effectiveness without adopting their surveillance methodologies. This requires innovation in privacy-preserving AI, federated learning, and transparent algorithmic governance.Alliance Building Through Technology
NATO countries and democratic allies are exploring coordinated AI development that pools resources while maintaining individual privacy standards. The success of these initiatives may determine whether democratic models can compete with authoritarian efficiency.Economic Disruption: AI as Economic Warfare
China's AI development serves dual purposes: domestic technological advancement and international economic competition. The scale of investment and integration creates what economists term "techno-economic warfare capabilities."Market Displacement Strategy
Chinese AI companies, backed by massive government investment, can offer services below market cost to gain international market share. Once established, these companies create dependencies that are difficult and expensive for nations to reverse.Supply Chain Integration
AI systems integrate deeply into manufacturing, logistics, and service delivery. Nations using Chinese AI for critical supply chain management may find themselves economically vulnerable during international disputes.📊 Global AI Market Competition 2024
- China: $98B investment, 23% of global AI patents
- United States: $67B private investment, 31% global market share
- European Union: $12B coordinated investment, 14% market presence
- Other Nations: $23B combined, 32% market fragmentation
The Human Cost: Individual Privacy in the AI Age
Behind the statistics and strategic implications lie fundamental questions about human autonomy and privacy. China's AI surveillance creates what researchers call "behavioral modification effects" even among citizens who never directly interact with the systems.Predictive Behavioral Control
AI systems that can predict individual behavior with high accuracy create subtle but powerful forms of social control. Citizens modify their actions not because of direct surveillance but because they know such surveillance is possible.Social Credit Integration
China's social credit system demonstrates how AI can transform abstract concepts like "trustworthiness" into quantifiable scores that affect citizens' access to services, travel, and opportunities.Technical Innovation: Pushing AI Boundaries
Despite concerns about surveillance applications, China's AI research produces genuine technological innovations that advance the entire field.Breakthrough Technologies
Chinese researchers lead in several AI domains:- Multimodal AI: Systems that process text, images, and audio simultaneously
- Edge Computing: AI processing on individual devices rather than centralized servers
- Quantum-Enhanced AI: Early exploration of quantum computing for machine learning
- Neuromorphic Computing: AI chips designed to mimic brain functionality
Research Publications and Patents
Chinese-affiliated authors made up the second-largest share of highly cited AI researchers as of 2024. This research productivity translates into technological capabilities that benefit from both academic innovation and practical application across China's vast digital infrastructure.| AI Research Metric | China | United States | Global Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI Papers Published | 28,000+ | 31,000+ | 42% combined |
| AI Patents Filed | 389,571 | 289,353 | 51% combined |
| Top-tier AI Researchers | 2,154 | 2,628 | 45% combined |
| AI Unicorn Companies | 15 | 65 | 47% combined |
International Relations: AI Diplomacy
China uses AI capabilities as diplomatic tools, offering technology transfers and joint development projects to strengthen international relationships.The Digital Belt and Road
China's Belt and Road Initiative increasingly includes digital infrastructure components. Nations receiving Chinese-built telecommunications, smart city systems, and AI capabilities often find themselves aligned with Chinese technical standards and operational procedures.Technology Transfer Negotiations
Unlike traditional diplomatic negotiations focused on trade or territory, AI diplomacy involves complex technical dependencies that persist for decades. Nations must balance immediate technological benefits against long-term strategic autonomy.Military Applications: The Strategic Edge
While focusing on civilian applications, China's AI development has clear military implications that concern defense analysts globally.Autonomous Systems Development
Chinese military researchers openly discuss AI applications in autonomous vehicles, drone swarms, and decision-support systems. The integration between civilian and military AI research accelerates development in both domains.Information Warfare Capabilities
AI systems capable of processing massive data streams and predicting social behavior have obvious applications in information warfare and influence operations.Environmental and Sustainability Considerations
China's massive AI infrastructure requires enormous energy consumption, creating environmental challenges that intersect with climate change goals.Data Center Energy Consumption
AI processing requires vast computational resources. China's AI growth strains electrical grids and conflicts with carbon reduction commitments. Innovative cooling systems and renewable energy integration become critical for sustainable AI development.Green AI Initiatives
Chinese researchers are exploring energy-efficient AI architectures, including neuromorphic chips and quantum computing alternatives that could dramatically reduce the environmental cost of advanced AI systems.The Next Decade: Scenarios and Preparations
Several scenarios could define China's AI trajectory through 2035:Scenario 1: Continued Rapid Growth
China maintains current investment levels and technological development rates, achieving clear global AI leadership by 2030.Scenario 2: Democratic Alliance Response
Western nations successfully coordinate AI development, creating competitive alternatives to Chinese systems while maintaining democratic values.Scenario 3: Technological Fragmentation
The global AI ecosystem splits into incompatible Chinese and Western systems, creating a "digital iron curtain" that fragments international cooperation.Scenario 4: Breakthrough Technologies
Revolutionary AI developments (quantum computing, artificial general intelligence) reshape the competitive landscape unpredictably.Actionable Insights for Stakeholders
For Policymakers
- Develop national AI strategies that balance innovation with privacy protection
- Create international coordination mechanisms for democratic AI development
- Establish technology dependency assessment frameworks for critical infrastructure
For Businesses
- Assess supply chain dependencies on Chinese AI systems
- Invest in privacy-preserving AI alternatives
- Develop contingency plans for potential technology access restrictions
For Technologists
- Advance privacy-preserving AI research
- Create transparent and accountable AI systems
- Build AI capabilities that serve democratic values
For Citizens
- Understand the implications of AI surveillance systems
- Support policies that balance security with privacy
- Engage in public discussions about AI governance
Conclusion: The Dual-Edged Future
Beijing's AI ambitions represent one of the most significant technological and geopolitical developments of our era. From surveillance systems that can identify individuals in crowds of millions to satellite networks that challenge Western space dominance, China has transformed from technology follower to AI superpower.The numbers tell a compelling story: $912 billion in government AI investment over a decade, with 23 percent directed to 1.4 million AI-related firms. Projected 2025 AI spending of up to $98 billion represents a 48 percent growth from 2024. BeiDou satellite system achieving 100% service availability with 99.991% signal continuity.
Yet behind these statistics lies a fundamental question about the future of human society. China's approach demonstrates AI's potential for comprehensive social organization and control. Whether this model represents technological progress or a concerning drift toward "precision authoritarianism" depends largely on how democratic nations respond.
The race isn't just about technological superiority—it's about which vision of AI's role in human society will define the next century. Beijing has made its choice clear: AI as a tool for comprehensive social optimization under centralized control. The world now watches to see whether democratic alternatives can match this efficiency while preserving individual autonomy and privacy.
From the surveillance cameras of Beijing's streets to the satellites orbiting high above, China's AI ambitions are reshaping global power dynamics in ways we're only beginning to understand. The decisions made in the next five years—by governments, companies, and individuals—will determine whether AI becomes humanity's greatest tool for progress or its most sophisticated system of control.
The future is being written in code, and Beijing is writing very fast.
Frequently Asked Questions
How extensive is China's AI surveillance network? China operates over 200 million surveillance cameras nationwide, with Hong Kong alone planning 2,000 additional cameras in 2024. The system integrates facial recognition, gait analysis, and predictive policing capabilities that can identify individuals even in crowds of millions.What makes China's BeiDou satellite system strategically important? BeiDou achieves 100% service availability globally with 99.991% signal continuity per hour, matching or exceeding GPS performance. Over 13.5 million vehicles use BeiDou systems, with automated ports seeing 25% efficiency improvements. This creates global dependencies on Chinese space infrastructure.
How much does China invest in AI development annually? China's AI capital spending is projected to reach $98 billion in 2025, representing up to 48% growth from 2024. Government VC funds have invested $912 billion over the past decade, with 23% directed to AI-related firms.
Which Chinese companies dominate the AI market? Baidu AI Cloud holds the largest LLM market share at 19.9% with $49 million revenue, followed by SenseTime at 16% and Zhipu AI as third largest. These companies operate within a coordinated national strategy rather than pure market competition.
How does China export its AI surveillance technology globally? China's exports of facial-recognition technologies are eroding democratic institutions globally. The government uses AI and big data to monitor citizens at home and abroad while exporting technology for overseas use, creating "surveillance silk roads" in developing nations.
What are the implications for democratic countries? 51% of advanced democracies deploy AI surveillance systems compared to 37% of closed autocratic states. Democratic nations face the challenge of competing with Chinese AI capabilities while maintaining privacy protections and democratic values.
How advanced is China's space-based AI infrastructure? China plans to launch next-generation BeiDou satellites in 2027 as part of a strategic roadmap advancing the system by 2035. This timeline positions China for potential technological superiority over existing navigation networks.
What sectors benefit most from Chinese AI investment? Transportation leads with 13.5 million BeiDou-enabled devices deployed across road transport, postal services, and rail systems. Healthcare, finance, and smart city infrastructure also receive significant AI integration and investment.
How does China's AI approach differ from Western models? China treats AI as a national security imperative with centralized coordination, while Western development relies primarily on private investment and market competition. China's National AI Industry Investment Fund began with $8.2 billion, plus plans for a $138 billion fund over 20 years.
What does the future hold for China's AI ambitions? China's AI market could reach $1.4 trillion within five years as the country becomes a global leader. The integration of surveillance, space, and commercial AI systems positions China to influence global technological dependencies significantly by 2030.
Sources and References
CSIS: The AI-Surveillance Symbiosis in China (2024)
RFA: China's Homegrown Tech Boosts Global Surveillance (2025)
GPS World: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Performance (2024)
SpaceNews: China's Next-Generation BeiDou Satellite Plans
Stanford FSI: Government Venture Capital and AI Development (2025)
Morgan Stanley: China as AI Global Leader
Carnegie Endowment: Global Expansion of AI Surveillance
Project Syndicate: China's AI Surveillance Export Analysis